I. 单/复韵母 1 - 4

漢語拼音

漢語拼音是一字一音節的語文。

音節是以「韻母」為主音（元音）；聲母為輔音。

The Mandarin Chinese is a word-sound language meaning that each Chinese character carries a sound  of its own.  The vowel of each character is the main /central speech sound you can hear clearly whereas the consonant speech sound is minimal.  For example, the word “飞”  /fei/, you hear the /ei /vowel speech sound clearly whereas the consonant /f/ speech sound, you can hardly hear.

I。 單／復韻母  (monophthongs /diphthongs/triphthongs) (mono -- 1 vowel; di -2vowels; tri --3)

任何語言的發音，都是以韻母／母音／元音為主音。

原因：因為只有韻母可以任由你發出「多大，多長，多高」的聲音。可以發出很響亮聲音。

The vowel speech sounds/phonemes form the central /main sounds of a spoken language.   It is because the airstream is not obstructed in any manner, so you can articulate the speech sound at the loudness, length and height as you like.  Try to articulate / i: / speech sound and see.

(A) 漢語的單韻母 （6個）

    a    e    i    o    u    ü

There are 6 monophthongs and 7 sounds as the /e/ phoneme has 2 speech sounds.   It is / e / or  / ê/.

(B) 漢語的「復韻母」（13個）

    是由2/3個單韻母的組合。

    2/3个韻母所组合：

    ai  -  ia               ei  -  ie             ua       ue

   ao -  iao                                                uai

     iu  -  ui                    ou  -  uo

Diphthongs are made up of 2 monophthongs.   There are 11 dipthongs and 2 triphthongs /iao;  uai/.

Note:

任何語言「韻母」發音是靠：一股氣流從腹部到口腔之后由舌頭「高低前后」；「硬松」；嘴唇的形狀（圓形，半圓形，原形）來決定韻母的音色和特質。

(C) 韻母的音色和特質

a. 一股氣流；從腹部 → 口腔

b. 舌頭的高低，前后，硬／松

c. 嘴唇的形狀；圓／半圓形／原狀

To describe the characteristic features of any vowel speech sound:

a.    the fow of airstream from your lung to the oral cavity

b.    the height (High;  Mid; Low) and advancement (Front;  Central;  Back) of the tongue

c.    the roundness of the lips:  round / half-round / unround (at its physiological rest)

(D) 單／復韻母

                    a                     e                  i                   o                  u / ü

   a                ai                                                          ao

   e                                       ei

   i                ia/iao                ie                 iu

   o                                                                              ou

   u               ua/uai               ue                ui                  uo

                                                                                                                  

(E) 復韻母（由同樣韻母組合的4種「復韻母」

  ai – ia            ei – ie            iu – ui            ou - uo

其他复韵母

ao                                                   ua

iao (i + ao)                                      uai           (ua + i)

                                                      ue            (只有ue没有任何变动)             1

1. 「復韻母」是由單韻母 a  /e  /i  /o  /u   / ü 所搭配而成的。

2. 有4組「復韻母」是由同樣的復韻前後顛倒而已。

    ai – ia      ei – ie            iu – ui            ou – uo     

3. *ao     *ua     ue    

4.   3個單韻母組合的復韻母有「兩個」。

     *iao     *uai

II。 聲母   (Consonant Phonemes)

A. 特征： (characteristic features)

1. 發音一般上是比較短，不響亮。

2. 為了教學上的方面而加上「呼讀音 e / i / u 」

The speech sound of consonants is shorter and not clear as compared with the vowel speech sound.

B. 以發音部位辨別聲母 (Places of articulation)

1. 雙唇音  b   p   m                              (1.  上下唇阻擋氣流)  (Bilabial)

2. 唇齒音  f                                         (2.  上齒跟下唇)  (Labiodental)

3. 舌尖音  d   t   n   l                            (3.  舌尖觸碰上齒齦)  (Alveolar)

*4. 舌尖前音  z   c   s                  (4.  舌尖跟下齒背)  (Lingua-alveolar)

5. 舌尖后音  zh   ch   sh   r           (5.  舌尖背後碰前硬顎) ( palato-alveolar)

*6. 舌面前音  j   q   x                   (6.  舌面前跟前硬顎)  (Lingua-palatal)

7. 舌根音  g   k   h                        (7。 舌面后跟軟顎)  (h舌面后跟小舌 )  (Velar)

8. 特別聲母  w   y                                

(Lingua --- tongue )

Note:氣流受阻礙的部位所造成的音                                                       

The different qualities of consonant speech sounds are produced when the airstream is completely or partially obstructed at different places.

C. 按照發音方法分類  (Manners of Articulation)

1. 塞音 (plosives)

a) 雙唇音   b   p   （bilabial）

b) 舌尖音   d   t    (alveolar)

c) 舌根音   g   k    (velar)

氣流在這些部位受阻礙

同時軟顎抬起使通鼻腔的孔道閉塞

The airstream is completely obstructed at these places as indicated.  At the same time the velum is raised to block the air passage to the nasal cavity.  In other words, the airstream is diverted to the oral cavity when the velum is raised.

2. 擦音  (Fricates / Fricatives)

a) 唇齒音                  f

b) 舌尖前音               s

c) 舌尖后音               sh   r

d) 舌面前音               x

e) 舌根音                  h

Note: 口腔里某兩位互相接近，氣流從狹縫里摩擦出來。

The airstream is partially obstructed and it is escaped through a narrow passage and thus produces the sounds as indicated.
3. 塞擦音  (Affricates/ Affricatives)

a) 舌尖前音       z     c

b) 舌尖后音       zh   ch

c) 舌面前音       j     q

氣流在這些部位受阻礙。

等要出來時緩慢而且是從狹縫里摩擦出來。                                                       2

塞和擦是同時發生的。

The airstream is completely obstructed first and then the airstream is partially obstructed and so the airstream is forced through a narrow gap and produces the sound as indicated.  

4. 鼻音  (Nasals)

   雙唇音                   m       (naso-bilabia/)

   舌尖音                   n        (naso-alveolar)

   舌根音                   ng      (naso-velar)

Note:  氣流在這些部位受阻礙

The airstream is diverted to the nasal cavity when the velum is lowered.

5. 邊音   舌尖音           l       (Lateral)

氣流在這些部位受阻礙，然后從舌體的兩邊出來。               

The airstream is escaped through the sides of the tongue.

D. 濁／清音  (voiced / voiceless)

a) 氣流通過聲門  (An airstream passess through the vocal cords/folds.)

b) 聲帶顫動的程度  (The degree of the vibration of the vocal cords)

(i) 濁音：聲帶靠攏時，氣流使聲帶顫動，發出來的聲音是帶音的。

(ii) 清音：聲帶松弛，聲門敝開，聲帶顫動低，氣流是純粹的音。

The voiced phonemes happen when the vocal cords draw near and there is some form of vibration when the airstream passes through it.  The voiceless speech sounds, on the other hand, happen when the vocal cords are apart.

濁音：   m        n        l        r

清音：其他聲母都是清音

E) 送／不送氣  (aspirated / unaspirated)

任何語言都是由氣流所造成的。

It is the flow of airstream that make speech possible.

送氣：氣流較強 

不送氣：氣流較弱

The aspirated speech sound happens when the airstream is stronger than unaspirated speech sound.  For example, the consonant phoneme /p/ in the words [pei ] and [bei].   The /p/ in  [pei] is aspirated and [bei] is unaspirated.   Do you  notice that the force of airstream in /p/  [pei] is so much stronger than the /b/ in  [bei] .

聲母

送氣             p        t           k        c        ch      q

不送氣          b        d           g        z        zh        j       l       h

                   m        n            f        s        sh        x       r  

                                                                                                                   3   

濁／清

濁                m          n        l         r

清                p           t        k       j          f         z         c        s

                   b          d         g       h        q        zh        ch      sh      x

F. 聲母 + 呼讀音   e / i / u

1.  be       pe           me                                2.  fe

3.  de       te            ne        le                      4.  ge      ke     he 
5.  zi         ci        si                                     6.  zhi      chi    shi    ri                             7.  ji            qi        xi                                                8.  wu       yi

To make the consonant sounds audible / to be heard, the sounds /e,   i,   u/ are  added.